On board
the USS Ponce, the command ship for mine hunting operations in the Persian
Gulf, sailors practice using surveillance equipment. Watch this video to see
the unmanned aerial vehicle called Scan Eagle land by snagging a cable with its
wing. The camera in the aircraft feeds back video to sailors who watch for
threatening boats.
A major
international naval exercise last month in and around the Persian Gulf and
Arabian Sea, led by the U.S. Navy with more than 30 other nations
participating, located fewer than half of the practice mines laid at sea.
This
outcome of the highly publicized military drills — not publicly known until now
— underscores how difficult it may be for the United States and its partners to
detect and incapacitate waterborne explosive devices that Iran has threatened
to plant if its nuclear facilities come under attack.
Out of
the 29 simulated mines that were dropped in the water, “I don’t think a great
many were found,” retired Navy Capt. Robert O’Donnell, a former mine warfare
director for his service, told the NewsHour. “It was probably around half or
less.”
Navy
officials, though, said the drill was constructive and asserted that focusing
on the number of mines detected alone would paint an incomplete picture.
“We
enjoyed great success,” said Cdr. Jason Salata, the top public affairs officer
for the 5th Fleet. “Every platform that was sent to find a shape found a shape.
We stand by that.” Salata asserted that “there were no missed mines, each
platform that had an opportunity to find the mine did so.”
The
drill, dubbed International Mine Countermeasures Exercise 2012 or IMCMEX,
brought together countries from all over the world at a time when tensions with
Iran have been heating up. Tehran has threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz,
one of the world’s most important choke points through which 20 percent of the
world’s oil flows.
The
surprising mine-detection result came in what one senior Navy official told the
NewsHour was “one of the most significant and strategically important exercises
of the year.” It was also the largest exercise of its kind ever held in the
region.
Being
able to find and destroy sea mines is critical to maintaining stable world oil
prices and global economic growth.
“The
Strait [of Hormuz] remains a vital sea lane of communications to us and our
partners,” Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said earlier this year. “We are
determined to preserve freedom of transit there in the face of Iranian threats
to impose a blockade.”
“I just
felt that they should have done better,” said O’Donnell, clearly disappointed
with the outcome of this key measure of performance. “That’s the point of the
exercise, to do mine-countermine [operations] in an area, and to find the
mines.”
Now a
consultant, O’Donnell was invited by the Navy to observe the September exercise
firsthand as it unfolded.
The Navy
declined to provide data on how many practice mines were located during the
two-week naval drill but did not dispute that less than half were found.
However, a spokesman insisted that the figures do not tell the whole story and
that the event was “‘not just about finding” the dummy mines.
“Numbers
alone do not tell the story of IMCMEX’s effectiveness and success,” said Lt.
Greg Raelson, a media officer with the 5th fleet, stationed in Bahrain. “We
operated ships, helicopters, divers, and unmanned undersea vehicles with
accuracy and effectiveness, confirming our ability to respond to maritime mine
threats in the undersea environment. Because of this exercise, we were able to
enhance partnerships and further hone the international community’s ability to
ensure the safe and free flow of navigation.”
However,
some analysts with extensive experience in evaluating Navy mine exercises say
the rate of success in detecting practice mines is critically important.
“I would
be surprised if the post-exercise analysis didn’t include some kind of a
scoring mechanism of how well did we do against this set” of imitation mines,
said Scott Savitz, a senior RAND engineer who, in a prior job, led
Navy-contracted teams to analyze counter-mine exercises. The central point of a
mine-hunting exercise is “to find them all, because in the real-world scenario
you want to minimize the subsequent mine risk,” he said.
“You
want to try to ascertain how well you are doing. You need a find a certain
number of mines and a certain number of attempts to hunt or sweep them in order
to get anything statistically meaningful,” Savitz said. “If we get zero or one
or two, it doesn’t tell us much. It’s not granular enough.”
During
the exercise, the military’s top commander of U.S. Naval forces in the Middle
East stressed two key objectives for the drill: To practice working together
with other countries, and to find simulated mines.
“This
exercise is about getting the mines of out the water, and making sure people
can sail through the Strait of Hormuz,” Vice Adm. John Miller, the commander of
the U.S. Navy’s 5th Fleet, told reporters in Bahrain as the exercise was
getting under way. “And what it’s really about is the opportunity to operate
together in an international coalition and to make sure we can complete all the
tasks that need to be completed.”
The top
U.S. combatant commander for the region last month said the exercise was
intended to realistically simulate possible military scenarios.
“We
train as you do the real thing,” said Gen. James Mattis, the commander of U.S.
military forces in the Middle East said while onboard a command-and-control
vessel, USS Ponce, during the exercise. “You’ve got to train the same way that
you operate every day at sea.”
One of
the Navy spokesmen asserted last week that the military did not intend to go
after all the mock mines laid for the exercise, much as an individual might
focus a session at the gym on selected pieces of equipment but skip those that
are unnecessary.
“My
trainer builds me a workout,” said Salata. “Perhaps my trainer does not want me
to work on some of the equipment. Maybe I don’t have enough time to get to all
of the equipment. But based on my expectations, and the objectives of the
session, I still may have an amazing workout and enjoy great success.”
Likewise,
in terms of last month’s exercise, he said, “the number of shapes found vs. the
number of shapes laid does not tell a clear story.”
Savitz,
the RAND engineer, said a selective approach to testing counter-mine readiness
might indeed have been appropriate for last month’s drill.
“If the
goal is to do some of the monkey bars and then…we have something else that is
in a slightly different environment and we are going to be testing your skills
in that,” he said, the exercise approach might have given participating nations
“a broad sampling of all of the parts of the decathlon” and “that may make
sense.”
Navy
spokesmen said that following the exercise, a key measure of achievement would
be to see how many countries partake in the next drill.
“So how
do we see success in this case? Well, the biggest tell will be the
participation interest for next year’s exercise, which is already being
planned,” Raelson said.
But
others see coalition-building as just one piece of a fruitful military
exercise.
Former
Navy Lt. Cdr. Stephen Burke, who served aboard ships in the Persian Gulf when
it was infested with mines during the U.S. war with Iraq in 1990-1991, said 5th
Fleet officials are “putting the spin on it” when they emphasize the 30-nation
participation without detailing how well those countries did at finding mines.
When the
U.S. Navy is “trying to get people to participate, you don’t get them to
participate by telling them that they don’t do very well,” Burke said. “It was
a big love-in exercise to get them to keep coming back and to build a
coalition.”
Mine-hunting
is quite challenging, he emphasized.
The
less-than-50-percent success rate in the exercise shows “it’s very difficult to
detect shapes on the seabed and discriminate between rocks and other debris
from the actual mines you are actually trying to go after,” Burke said. Well
aware of the tall order involved, the Navy likely laid “10 shapes in order for
the probability of finding at least one of them,” he surmised.
Meantime,
U.S. naval forces are trying to build a wide coalition of foreign navies to
show resolve in confronting Iran, he said.
“They
are trying to get everyone — especially the partner nations that may not have a
robust capability — to come away from the exercise feeling good about
themselves for having accomplished something positive,” Burke said. “So it’s
like seeding a lake for fishing. You put more fish in there than you expect
your customers to catch, but you want them to all go away having caught a
fish.”
That
said, setting an objective of maximizing international partner participation
“in and of itself is not bad,” Burke said, given a perceived political need to
signal to Iran that the international community is determined to keep the
Strait of Hormuz open.
Raelson,
the 5th Fleet media officer, emphasized the collaborative military successes
involved.
“Each
ship, unmanned underwater vehicle and helicopter that was tasked with finding a
practice mine in a particular geographic operating area did. The use of shapes
enabled participants to use their individual capabilities in their three
regional environments while proving interoperability, compatibility and
information exchange,” he said. “It was not the intention to utilize the
inaugural IMCMEX to validate effectiveness by assessing individual nations’
capabilities and nor would it be appropriate for us to comment too deeply on
tactical performance.”
O’Donnell
said the exercise appears to have been useful, but the United States and its
military partners should look to future counter-mine drills to more fully prepare
for real-world threats.
“All in
all, I guess that the exercise was a success since so many nations participated
and they were able to communicate with each other,” said the retired Navy
captain. “Next time, though, I think they should do a better job of finding the
drill mines that were there.”
