The Falklands War - "Sir Galahad & Sir Tristram" bombed

Summary of Main Events

ARRIVING AIRCRAFT:

HMS HERMES - Last 2 of 4 Harrier GR.3's of 1(F) Sqdn RAF

4 Wessex HU.5's of No.847 NAS

TASK FORCE SHIPS IN AND AROUND TEZ (at time of surrender on 14th)

CV Hermes, Invincible; DD Bristol, Glamorgan (Exocet damaged), Cardiff, Exeter; FR Brilliant, Broadsword, Active, Ambuscade, Arrow, Avenger, Andromeda, Minerva, Penelope, Plymouth (bomb damage); Assault ships Fearless, Intrepid; RFA's Blue Rover, Engadine, Fort Austin, Fort Grange, Olna, Resource, Stromness, Tidepool, Tidespring; LSL's Sir Bedivere, Sir Geraint, Sir Lancelot, Sir Percivale, Sir Tristram (bomb damaged); RMAS Typhoon and minesweepers Cordella, Farnella, Junella, Northella, Pict; Transports Atlantic Causeway, Baltic Ferry, Canberra, Elk, Europic Ferry, Lycaon, Nordic Ferry, Norland

Plus Submarine Force, Hospital ships in RCB, repair ship in TRALA, and some tanker

(Sheffield, Ardent, Antelope, Coventry, Atlantic Conveyor and Sir Galahad lost)

 AIRCRAFT AND SHIP LOSSES

1. Plymouth damaged in Falkland Sound off San Carlos Water (8th)

2. SIR GALAHAD mortally hit and Sir Tristram damaged off Fitzroy (8th)

3. Fearless LCU F4 sunk in Choiseul Sound; 3. Argentine aircraft lost - Skyhawks (8th)

 3 COMMANDO BRIGADE LOCATIONS

4. 3 Para on Mount Longdon (12th)

5. 45 Cdo on Two Sisters (12th)

6. 42 Cdo on Mount Harriet (12th)

SHIP DAMAGED (continued)

7. Glamorgan damaged and helicopter Wessex destroyed 17 miles south west of Stanley (12th)

5TH INFANTRY BRIGADE LOCATIONS

 8. 2 Para on Wireless Ridge (14th)

9. 2nd Scots on Tumbledown Mountain (14th)

10. 1/7 Gurkhas behind Tumbledown Mountain

11. C Coy 1/7 Gurkhas at Goose Green

12. 1st Welsh Guards and A & C Coys 40 Cdo to the south west of Mount Harriet

13. B Coy 40 Cdo in defence of San Carlos Water

OTHER AIRCRAFT LOSSES AND OPERATIONS

14. Argentine aircraft lost over Pebble Island - Learjet (7th)

15. British aircraft lost at Port San Carlos - Harrier GR.3 (8th)

16. 'Black Buck 7' - Vulcan raid on Stanley (12th)

17. Argentine aircraft lost in Mount Kent area? - Canberra (13th)

             

(Click on Image to enlarge)

The decision was now taken to use the LSL's to continue 5th Infantry's move forward. "Sir Tristram" reached Fitzroy on Monday 7th to start unloading ammo, and in San Carlos Water, "Sir Galahad" took on board the rest of the 1st Welsh from "Fearless" before sailing around Lafonia to arrive on Tuesday morning (8th). By now, only one LCU and a Mexeflote were left to complete offloading "Sir Tristram", and although by early afternoon, Rapier SAM's and 16 Field Ambulance had gone ashore from "Sir Galahad", plans to move the Guards to Bluff Cove to join the rest of the battalion had come to nothing. Worse still, the LSL's had been reported by enemy observers, and around 2.00 pm, five Skyhawk's of Grupo 5 and five Daggers of Grupo 6 were coming in over the Falklands.

First to be attacked by the Daggers, but in Falkland Sound was frigate "Plymouth" on her way to bombard an Argentine position on West Falkland. Hit by cannon fire and four UXB's, one of which detonated a depth charge, she was only slightly damaged. Shortly after, the Skyhawks reached Fitzroy. Three of them put two or more bombs into the crowded "SIR GALAHAD", and the other two hit "Sir Tristram" with two UXB's killing two crewmen. The ships caught fire and were soon abandoned, but by then the results for "Sir Galahad" were catastrophic with a total of 48 killed - five RFA crewmen, 32 Welsh Guards and eleven other Army personnel, with many more badly burned and wounded. "Sir Tristram" was later returned to the UK for repairs, but the burnt-out "Sir Galahad" was scuttled at sea as a war grave on the 25th June.

As the FAA's last major effort continued, four Grupo 4 Skyhawks attacked troops in the Fitzroy area later that afternoon, and minutes after, four Skyhawks of Grupo 5 arrived over Choiseul Sound to catch LCU F4 (belonging to "Fearless") sailing from Goose Green to Fitzroy with 5th Infantry HQ vehicles. Hit by one bomb, which killed the coxswain, Colour Sgt Johnston (post QGM) and five of the crew, she shortly sank. Two No.800 Sea Harriers over head on CAP immediately dived to the attack and brought down three of the Skyhawks with Sidewinders.

During the week, both Land Forces and 5th Inf HQ's moved to Fitzroy and 3 Cdo Bde's to Mount Kent, and although the "Sir Galahad" disaster caused delays, planning continued for the attack towards Stanley. In the first phase, 3 Cdo Bde would take Mount Longdon, Two Sisters and Mount Harriet, and if possible Tumbledown Mountain and Wireless Ridge. Otherwise these two plus Mount William would be assaulted in phase two, and Sapper Hill and the ground south of Stanley in phase three. As part of the build-up, 3 Cdo continued its reconnaissance patrols, and the special forces their covert operations, but with casualties. Only the previous week, an SBS sergeant was killed in an accidental clash with the SAS, and over on West Falkland, as the SAS kept a careful watch on the two large Argentine garrisons there, an observation post near Port Howard was surrounded on Thursday 10th and Capt Hamilton killed as he tried to fight his way out.

With seven of the eight infantry battalions and all five 105mm batteries forward, the first phase started on the night of Friday 11th, and by next morning 3 Cdo Bde was on Mount Longdon, Two Sisters and Mount Harriet, but during the night there were other losses. The supporting warships shelled Argentine positions in the mountains, and near Stanley, a house in the capital was hit killing two women and mortally wounding a third in the first and last civilian deaths of the war. Then as destroyer "Glamorgan" (pictured above) retired out to sea after 45 Cdo's attack, a land-launched Exocet fired from Stanley hit her in the hangar area, badly damaging that part of the ship, killing thirteen men and destroying her Wessex.

The second phase was delayed until Sunday night (13th), but by the morning, 2 Para had taken Wireless Ridge and 2nd Scots were on Tumbledown, but too late for the Gurkhas to assault Mount William in the dark. The movements during the week of the attacking battalions, including the Gurkhas (less C Coy at Goose Green) are covered by Parts 44-48. As for 40 Cdo and the 1st Welsh, the badly depleted Guards stayed at Bluff Cove until Friday 11th when they were reinforced by A and C Coys 40 Cdo released from San Carlos defence (B Coy remained), and marched that day to the south west of Mount Harriet to stay in reserve for the next two days. During this time, a battalion dispatch rider was mortally wounded by Argentine shellfire.

Even aside from the Tuesday strikes, there was little let-up in the air-war during the week. On Monday morning (7th), a reconnaissance Learjet of FAA Grupo 1 was shot down over Pebble Island by one of "Exeter's" Sea Darts [a66]. Next day, the last two RAF Harrier GR.3's from Ascension arrived on "Hermes", and earlier, the fourth and last GR.3 lost was damaged beyond repair landing heavily at the Port San Carlos FOB with a partial engine failure. On Wednesday, RFA "Engadine" flew off her four Wessex HU.5's of No.847 NAS to San Carlos Water to add to the helicopter lift, and early Saturday morning, in "Black Buck 7", Stanley airfield was bombed by a Vulcan for the final time.

Sunday 13th saw the last Argentine air raids. Late that morning, Skyhawks of FAA Grupo 5 concluded their successful war with an attack on 3 Cdo Bde HQ on Mount Kent and 2 Para on Mount Longdon, but without causing casualties, and that evening, two Grupo 2 Canberras bombed Mount Kent, and as they turned away, one was brought down by a Sea Dart from "Exeter" (or possibly "Cardiff"). All this time, RAF GR.3's were hitting Argentine positions around Stanley, and still on Sunday, made their first successful laser-guided bomb attacks.

British Gallantry Awards included:

LSL Sir Galahad - rescue work:

On board

Second Eng Offr P A Henry (post GM) RFA

Third Offr A Gudgeon (QGM) RFA

Gdsm S M Chapman (MM) 1WG

L/Cpl D J Loveridge (MM) 1WG

Sgt P H R Naya (MM) RAMC

WO2 B T Neck (MM) 1WG                 By Sea King helicopters of No.825 NAS

Lt Cmdr H S Clark (DSC) RN

Lt J K Boughton (QGM) RN

Lt P J Sheldon (QGM) RN

Alongside

Colour Sgt M J Francis (DSM) RM, coxswain LCU F1, HMS Fearless

Sgt D S Boultby (MM) 17 Port Regt RCT NCO i/c, Mexeflote unit

                         

Additional SAS awards

Capt G J Hamilton (post MC) Green Howards, including South Georgia, Pebble Island

and Darwin diversion raids, Mount Kent

Capt T W Burls (MC) Para Regt, South Georgia and Pebble Island

FAA Skyhawk A-4 attack bombers of the type which mortally damaged RFA Sir Galahad, badly damaged Sir Tristram and sank LCU F4 on the 8th June. In return they lost three of their number.

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The Falklands War, Operation Corporate, Bluff Cove

Bluff Cove

On June 8th, 1982, the British Royal Fleet Auxilaries, RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram, were transporting British troops to an amphibious landing in Bluff Cove, when they were attacked by Argentine Air Force (FAA) Skyhawks.

RFA Sir Galahad was hit by two ot three bombs, and very badly damaged. A flash fire spread across Sir Galahad's loading decks, resulting in the deaths of 48 crew and passengers, and wounding over 150, including Simon Weston. The hulk of RFA Sir Galahad was later towed out to sea and sunk, becoming an official war grave.

RFA Sir Tristram

Additionally, two men were killed aboard RFA Sir Tristram when it was strafed, and another six on a small landing craft from HMS Fearless which was hit by rocket fire.

The Falklands War - Bluff Cove June 8th 1982

Bluff Cove

HMS Fearless was once again transporting the Welsh Guards round. The ship was equipped with two landing craft, and the four from the previous night's operation were expected to sail from Bluff Cove to meet Fearless to assist with the transfer of the troops to shore. Unfortunately, there were still many problems with communications between Brigade Headquarters to the forward units, and Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour had decided that the weather was too rough for the landing craft to sail. A garbled version of this message did eventually reach Fearless, who launched her two landing craft with half of the Welsh Guards aboard, the remainder being taken back to San Carlos. The two landing craft reached Bluff Cove safely, but it was further decided by Admiral Fieldhouse on 7 June that the important assault ships could not be risked again, and the RFAs were to undertake future tasks in the area. 

Sir Tristram at sea before the conflict.

The RFA Sir Tristram was already at Fitzroy, unloading 1,500 tons of artillery ammunition, and Sir Galahad was at San Carlos loading four Rapier units for air defence of the new landings, as well as the vehicles and men of 16 Field Ambulance, the medical unit for 5 Brigade, with the intention to land both units at Fitzroy. It was decided to add the remaining two Companies of the Welsh Guards to the load, and for the ship to sail as soon as it was dark. The plan was for Sir Galahad to leave San Carlos, deliver the Welsh Guards to Bluff Cove to join the rest of their Battalion, then move to Fitzroy before dawn to off-load the Rapiers and Ambulances. Another breakdown in communications and the shortage of landing craft at San Carlos meant that 16 Field Ambulance took over six hours to get on board, so the ship did not leave until nearly five hours after dark. Sir Galahad's Captain, Captain Philip Roberts, signalled that he would not sail until the following night because of the lateness of the hour. In reply he was told to go to Fitzroy only, which could be reached before dawn, and off load the Ambulances and Rapiers there, but no mention was made of the Welsh Guards.

Sir Galahad entered Fitzroy on 8 June just after 0800 hrs local time, to the surprise of some of the Welsh Guards whose understanding was still that they were being taken directly to Bluff Cove. Out of the six landing craft that were in the anchorage the day before, four had returned to HMS Intrepid in order to speed the supply situation at San Carlos, one had gone to Goose Green to fetch 5 Brigade's sorely needed signals vehicles, and only one, named Foxtrot One, was left unloading the ammunition from Sir Tristram. There was also a Mexeflote, a kind of powered pontoon raft which was used for unloading stores to the beach, but both this and Foxtrot One were both nearly fully loaded with ammunition crates. The commanders in charge of unloading the ships at Fitzroy knew that the 350 Welsh Guards had to be off the ship as soon as possible in case of air attack. It was suggested that the Guards could sit on top of the stores on the Mexeflote pontoon and be on shore within the hour.

An outboard powered Mexeflote raft, on of the craft unloading the ships at Bluff Cove.

 The Guards Company Commanders were not keen on this as it meant they would have to march 5 miles to Bluff Cove and they were unwilling to weary their men unnecessarily, and all their heavy equipment would have to be left on board, with no guarantee of it being delivered to Bluff Cove in the near future. A compromise was then reached and the landing craft was made available to run the Guards to Bluff Cove, along with local tractors for the heavy equipment and a local 20 foot cutter. As this was being discussed, an 846 Squadron Sea King was airlifting the Rapier units ashore, which was to take a total of 18 lifts. Foxtrot One came alongside Sir Galahad at noon in order to start embarking the Welsh Guards, but the Commander of the 16 Field Ambulance, the senior ranking officer there, said that the Guards had already had a chance of disembarking and it was vital that the leading echelon of his unit should have priority. Twelve men and nine vehicles of the medical unit were then transported ashore which took another hour to do. On the last trip, the loading ramp of the landing craft was damaged, so the heavy equipment of the Welsh Guards could not be loaded at Sir Galahad's stern doors. Instead it was decided that the equipment would be loaded on to the craft by crane, an incredibly slow process, before the men were taken off the ship. By this time Sir Galahad had been sitting in Fitzroy for 5 hours, largely due to misunderstandings and a lack of communication. Sir Tristram had now been unloaded, but was also still in the harbour. Argentinian observation posts on Mount Harriet had been watching the ships and reporting their presence all that time.

A landing craft and the Mexeflote landed some of the equipment from Sir Galahad.

A reaction was inevitable, eventually eight Skyhawks and six Daggers took off from the mainland and headed toward the ripe target. The British forces at San Carlos were warned of the raid, probably by a submarine patrolling off Rio Grande, but again due to the communications difficulties the warning did not reach the Sir Galahad. The stage for tragedy was set.

Three of the Skyhawks and one of the Daggers had to return to base after experiencing technical problems but the rest carried on, going to low level as they approached the islands, the two formations splitting to fly around Lafonia north and south about in order to attack Fitzroy from different directions. The Dagger formation found HMS Plymouth in Falkland Sound however, steaming to carry out a bombardment of Argentine positions on Mount Rosalie, and decided to attack her. Plymouth was hit by three bombs, but again the fusing problems of low level releases meant that none exploded. The impact of the bombs detonated a depth charge and started a fire which caused much superficial damage, injuring four men and killing one more. One of the Daggers was slightly damaged in the attack. At Fitzroy the five remaining Skyhawks from Grupo 5 de Caza fell upon the anchorage with almost complete surprise, the units ashore had finally received a warning, but there was no way of passing it to the ships. The Royal Marine gunners on the ships managed to engage the aircraft, and one Blowpipe shoulder launched missile was fired, but failed to find a target.

HMS Plymouth on fire after being attacked by Daggers 

Three Skyhawks attacked Sir Galahad and two attacked Sir Tristram. The air defences were ill prepared for this strike; the two Sea Harriers that had formed the Combat Air Patrol to the south were now in pursuit of the Dagger formation and the operational Rapier sites were mainly covering the 5 Brigade Headquarters and the new supply base, not the anchorage. Unfortunately the Rapier site covering the anchorage to the east, the direction from which the Skyhawks attacked, had been damaged in transit and a spare part was just being landed by Sea King as the attack came in. This tragic combination of circumstance was to cause the single largest British loss of life of the campaign. Two bombs hit Sir Tristram, one passing straight through the ship without exploding, the other exploding in a small compartment killing two Chinese crewmen. Sir Galahad suffered far, far worse. Three bombs hit the ship, one passing through a hatch hitting the tank deck, one hitting the engine room and galley and the last burst in the officer's quarters. The bombs did not explode as the term is commonly understood, they all deflagrated, the casings smashing open on impact, and the contents burning rapidly rather than detonating. The bomb that hit the tank deck caused most of the casualties, for that was where most of the troops were concentrated, along with twenty tons of ammunition and a large amount of petrol, which became an inferno. A least 45 men died on that tank deck, and 150 were injured and burned, many of them very seriously.

RFA Sir Galahad ablaze after being struck by three bombs 

Immediately helicopters came in and started to take the injured off the ship. Foxtrot One was already alongside, protected by the bulk of Sir Galahad from the explosions and began taking wounded aboard. The Mexeflote pontoon also moved in, and some of the survivors got away on it. Although no-one was controlling the rescue, the Sea Kings of 846 and 825 Squadrons, the Wessex from 847 and a Gazelle from 656 Squadrons all co-operated with the surface vessels in perfect harmony. The wounded were taken at first to the Fitzroy landing site, before a shuttle of helicopters started taking them to Ajax Bay and then on to the hospital ship Uganda, who received 159 casualties this day. Captain Philip Roberts was the last man to leave the ship some forty five minutes after the attack, which due to the heat of the inferno, was left to burn itself out. Sir Galahad was towed out to sea later in June and sunk as a war grave. Forty-eight men died in the ship, thirty-two of whom were Welsh Guardsmen.

The Sir Tristram was towed back to England for repairs. Many commentators at the time and since have searched for a cause, a person to blame for the disaster, but the facts of the matter are that the ships were caught by circumstance and an incredible series of coincidental unconnected events. Yes, communications broke down, and there was an element of confusion in the movement orders, but considering that the rapid onset of the worst of the winter weather meant that the advance of both units and supplies was being pushed forward as fast as possible to avoid the campaign literally being frozen, oversights and mistakes were unavoidable, particularly with imperfect communications. There is no blame, just a tragedy of war.

RFA Sir Galahad burned out after the attack in Bluff Cove 

Argentine air attacks returned to the area for the rest of the day, but the Rapier defence sites around Fitzroy were now all up and running, so all the attacks against the landing site and Headquarters there failed. Another group of four Skyhawks, again from Grupo 5 de Caza, found and attacked the landing craft Foxtrot Four, which was half-way between Goose Green and Fitzroy carrying 5 Brigade's signals Land Rovers. All the crew of the craft except one were killed. The commander of the craft, Colour-Sergeant Brain Johnston, was one of the real heroes of the campaign having taken Foxtrot Four alongside Antelope, as well as Sir Galahad, ignoring the danger of explosion in order to save lives. Colour-Sergeant Johnston was later posthumously awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal for his role in the rescues. The Skyhawks did not escape this time, the Combat Air Patrol of two Sea Harriers, flown by Flight Lieutenant David Morgan and Lieutenant David Smith of 800 Squadron saw the Skyhawks as they attacked the landing craft and quickly engaged them, shooting down three of their number with Sidewinder missiles. These were to be the Sea Harrier's last air successes of the war.

RFA Sir Tristram with the salvage tug Irishman alongside prior to her return to England for repair.

By the end of 8 June, fifty-six British and Chinese servicemen had been killed, bringing the total losses so far in the conflict to 192 members of the British Task Force. The Argentine losses for the day were three killed and three pilots shot down, bringing the total to approximately 560 servicemen dead.